Anhui Province is located in the southeastern China, where magmatism is frequent, and the Yanshanian magmatism is the most developed. The exposed area of magmatic rocks is more than 13 000 km², and rocks of different types and origins are all developed, and they are concentrated in the Dabie Mountains, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and southern Anhui. In this study, we collected 159 samples from different magmatic rock belts in Anhui Province and carried out rock density and radioactive heat-generating element content determinations. Combined with the previous test results of radioactive heat-generating elements of magmatic rocks in Anhui Province, we have carried out a systematic study on radioactive heat-generating elements of magmatic rocks in Anhui Province for the first time. The results suggest that the average contents of U, Th, and K of magmatic rocks in Anhui Province is quite different. Granitic rocks and intermediate-acid volcanic rocks have higher U, Th, and K contents, and basic magmatic rocks have relatively lower U, Th, and K contents. The radioactive heat generation rate of different types of magmatic rocks is quite different. The heat generation rates of granitic rocks and intermediate-acid volcanic rocks are relatively higher and the variation range is wide, while basic magmatic rocks are relatively lower and the variation range is narrow. The heat generation rates of some granites in Jinzhai and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River exceed 5 μW/m³, which are high heat production granites. The main thermal contribution of magmatic rocks comes from the radioactive decay heat of U and Th, while that of K is relatively lower, generally no more than 10%. Through this study, combined with previous research results on geology and geothermal in Anhui Province, it is found that the radioactive heat generation of magmatic rocks is of great significance to the distribution of hot springs, dry hot rock exploration and U deposits exploration in Anhui Province, which can provide further support for the subsequent exploration and development of geothermal resources in Anhui Province.