X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, electron microprobe, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer were used to test and analyze the phase composition and color genesis of different shades of pink opal samples from Peru. The results show that the main mineral composition of pink opal is Opal-CT, palygorskite, quartz and water, and the type of water is rich, including crystal water, structural water and zeolite water. Combined with X-ray powder diffraction, electron microprobeand infrared spectrum analysis, it is considered that the color of pink opal is related to palygorskite, and the content of palygorskite was quantitatively analyzed by XRD, which was positively correlated with color. UV-visible spectrophotometer combined with electron microprobe and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry showed that the color of pink opal was related to the organic quinones, β-carotene and Mn²⁺, and the more the content of Mn²⁺, the darker the color. At the same time, the effect of Fe³⁺ on color was proposed, and it was found that Fe³⁺ only appeared in dark samples.