Impact cratering is a critical exogenic process driving the Moon's geological evolution, and the high-pressure mineral phases formed during this process serve as natural thermobarometers and chronometers to record these extreme physical events. The formation processes of high-pressure mineral phases in shocked materials are closely related to the pressure-temperature-time paths of impact events. Therefore, high-pressure mineral phases and their formation mechanisms are extensively utilized for estimating shock conditions and constraining the impact history of the inner Solar System. Meanwhile, as the analogy samples for interior materials in terrestrial planets, high-pressure minerals aid the understanding of mantle transition zones and lower mantle compositions. Therefore, the research of high-pressure mineral phases has great geological significances. This paper reviews the research progress of high-pressure mineral phases formed on the Moon. It elaborates on the physical mechanisms underlying shock-induced mineral phase transitions and the preservation mechanisms of high-pressure mineral phases. In addition, this paper systematically summarizes the mineralogical characteristics, occurrences, and formation mechanisms and conditions of the 15 high-pressure mineral phases currently identified in lunar samples, including stishovite, seifertite, ringwoodite, and majorite. Finally, this paper outlines future prospects of analysing samples returned by future deep space explorations in conjunction with dynamic high-pressure and high-temperature experimental simulations, which will provide critical evidence for reconstructing the lunar impact history and the evolution of the Earth-Moon system.